Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exhibit unique behaviors during soil washing processes, influenced by their chemical properties and soil characteristics. PFAS Characteristics and Soil Interaction: PFAS compounds are both hydrophobic (water-repelling) and lipophobic (fat-repelling), leading to complex interactions with soil components.​ The length of the carbon-fluorine chain in PFAS molecules affects [...]

Soil washing is a proven ex-situ remediation technique designed to separate and remove pollutants from contaminated soil using physical, chemical, and hydrodynamic processes. It is particularly effective for heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, salts, and industrial pollutants that are bound to fine soil particles or dissolved in pore water. By leveraging hydrocyclone separation, attrition [...]